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Water-based
Polyurethane Dispersions-An Introduction
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Water-based Polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) are a rapidly growing segment of the polyurethane coating industry due to environmental legislations such as the clean air act and also due to technological advances, that has made them an effective substitute for the solvent-based analogs. They are versatile and environmentally friendly coating materials that are available in a wide range of hardness and solid content. Their zero to low volatile organic content facilitate their formulation into a compliant coating for many different substrates. Their versatility and wide range of superior properties, such as abrasion resistance, impact strength and low temperature flexibility are the driving forces to their continuously expanding usage in many applications.
The PUDs are not a direct plug-in for the solvent-based polyurethanes. The film forming mechanism of the PUDs is very different from that of the solvent-based resins. In order to realize their optimum properties, they have to be skillfully formulated. The composition of the polymer backbone as well as the formulating ingredients will have significant influence on film formation properties.
Polyurerthane dispersions are fully reacted polyurethane/ polyureas of small and discrete polymer particles ranging in sixe from 0.01-5.0 microns in a continuous water phase. They are free of isocyanate residues and have a zero or a very low volatile organic content (VOC). They are safe to handle and are a good choice for compliant coatings. PUDs can be made to have 30-65% solid content and a wide range of film hardness.
One of the drawbacks of PUDs is their relatively higher cost. To compensate for the higher cost and in some cases, to improve adhesion to certain substrates, the PUDs are blended with other low cost dispersions. Acrylic emulsions are the most commonly used blending materials due to the familiarity of the formulators with their properties. |
Solvent-based
coatings are being replaced with eco-friendly
water-based polyurethane dispersions |
Stringent
production standards required in the food, pharmaceutical
and personal
hygiene industry, the world over, dictate that the actual
formulating area must be sterile and clean from bacteria and
pathogens. These rooms are generally air-conditioned, sealed
environments, under pressure of two isobars. Inside, the
floors, walls and ceilings are coated with a tough resilient
seamless coating to prevent biological contamination such as
germs or viral infestation which would find a hold in the
cracks or joints in the tiles or canters.
Epoxy
coating and solvent-based polyurethane coatings which are
used in developing countries such as India for cleanrooms,
are highly toxic in nature and therefore fraught with health
hazards. The solvent added to the above coatings for better
finish and to bring down the cost of these coatings, is the
proverbial nail in the coffin due to its negative long-term
effects on human health.
In
the developed world, especially Europe and the Americas, the
use of solvent-based coatings are being phased out. These
are being replaced with water-based Polyurethane dispersions
(PUDs). PUDs are waterborne systems, eco-friendly, having
all the properties of the solvent-based systems, minus the
hazards. PUDs can be formulated to not only make floor
coatings but also for the walls which arte tough and
resilient with scratch resistance and stability
The
PUDs have a life of 10 years even in exposed areas as they
have excellent UV resistance against yellowing, cracking or
peeling. They enjoy enhanced penetration into the substrate
and offer better bonding viz a viz water based acrylics.
They can also be formulated into coatings for glass, clear
glossy finishes for wood and veneers, anti-corrosive
coatings for metals, even in exposed areas with an enhanced
life span. Technology is moving rapidly as also awareness
levels, with the advanced countries already having phased
out solvent-based systems in their work places and living
environments for health reasons.
Cleanrooms
in Indian pharmaceutical companies are not all designed with
water-based PUDs. Epoxy and solvent-based coatings are still
used in cleanrooms. Hardeners used in solvent-based
polyurethane coatings contain MDI, the health hazards of
which can result in skin rashes, cornea damage, asthma like
reactions, allergies. Isocyanates are also known to cause
tumours in rats and are therefore classified as human
carcinogens.
Solvents
are also used in many items like Paints, varnishes,
lacquers, paint removers, etc. They include commonly used
chemicals such as alcohol, mineral spirits, petroleum
distillates, turpentine, benzene, perchloroethylene,
toluene, xylene, trichloroethylene, gasoline, kerosene,
butyl acetate, acetone, metyl ethyl ketone (MEK), methyl
isobutyl ketone (MIBK). The list goes on.
As
per OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, US
Department of Labour), health hazards associated with
solvent exposure include cancer, skin infections and
reproductive damage. The smell of solvents hangs in the air,
days and weeks after the application of Epoxy solvent-based
polyurethane coatings.
CONCLUSION
:
Solvent-based
coatings are being phased out and replaced with water-based
PUDs, that are
eco-friendly with all the good properties of the
solvent-based systems, but, minus the hazards. |
HYGIENE
COATINGS : |
Polyurethane
dispersions are used as the main or auxiliary binders in
"Hygiene" coatings, where the coatings main
requirements of toughness and reasonable gloss, single-pack,
water based and low odour, easy cleanability, rapid drying
and fast property developments are some of the more
important properties. Food, pharmaceutical and personal
hygiene plants, hospitals and nursing homes, hotels and
restaurants and anywhere there exists a requirement for
clean, bacteria resistant surface, these coatings provide
the answer. "Hygiene Coatings" may be used on
walls, ceilings and floors, all based on specific types of
polyurethane dispersions.
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Thermal Reflective Coatings
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"Thermal Reflective - Insulating Coatings", is another entrant in the construction exterior coatings market. These functional polyurethane coatings are specially formulated to reflect, refract and dissipate the radiant heat of the Sun. Use of these polyurethane coatings on exterior of Roofs, Building Side Walls, Liquid and Gas Storage Tanks, Boilers, Air Condition Ducts, and many more areas keeps the interiors cool, thus saving evaporation losses and reducing energy requirements. The "Thermal Reflective - Insulating Coatings" can, additionally be provided with waterproofing properties, especially when used on building roofs. |
SEALERS FOR
CONCRETE : |
Waterborne polyurethane dispersion based Concrete Sealers can be designed to penetrate deeply into the pores of masonry surfaces to "Seal" the concrete, from ingress of sulphates & chlorides and thereby provide corrosion protection to the steel reinforcements. Floor Sealers can also be formulated to stop the concrete floors from dusting and to form a foundation to support different types of polyurethane based coatings. The sealants may be formulated to provide excellent chalk binding & alkali resistance properties. These concrete sealers are unpigmented, resin-rich compositions, but may also be pigmented to fill concrete blocks in one coat. |
Commercial Floor Coatings
One-component systems |
If the floor is dusty or if the floor in a supply room, warehouse, restaurant, shopping area and requires to be made resistant to pedestrian traffic, or if the look and aesthetics of a floor has to be improved upon, a single-component water-based polyurethane floor coating system should be suitable. These coatings, in addition to being water-based have low VOC and practically no odour. They dry quickly and can be recoated within 2 to 4 hours depending on the prevailing ambient temperature and humidity and are ready to take traffic within 24 hours or earlier. The water-based polyurethane coatings can be applied directly to cleaned concrete floors as also on previously painted surfaces provided the existing paints are still in good condition. Porous floors however need a penetrative & impregnating sealant as the first coat. Maximum dry film thickness recommended for such floors is 60 microns. They are one-component coatings hence there is no on-site mixing required nor is a limit on their pot life placed and they can be applied quickly and easily by brush and roller. The coated floors become less susceptible to pick up dirt, and are fast and easy to clean. These coatings possess adequate wear and chemical resistance for the purpose they are designed for.
While many colours can be formulated using the water-based polyurethane dispersions, only a limited range of colours provides the decorative effect for commercial floors. The decorative effect can be further enhanced using multi-coloured pigment flakes, quartz sand, powdered hard minerals, etc. Using an appropriate primer, these coatings can also be painted over linoleum, vinyl tiles and sheets, over decorative cement tiles, slabs, etc. |
Two-component systems |
In the case of floors that are subject to significant wear and tear due to heavy vehicular traffic, protection and ongoing maintenance is essential. Floor coatings that would stand up over a long period of time to heavy traffic loads, such as forklifts and vehicles that carry heavy trailers and large parts and in addition have high abrasion resistance can be formulated using waterborne polyurethane dispersions crosslinked with polyisocyanates. These coatings dry rapidly and can be walked on in less than 3 to 4 hours after application and they are odour-free.
The coating system includes a water-based epoxy primer or 100% solids epoxy primer, a 100% solids epoxy intermediate coat and a pigmented two-component water-based polyurethane topcoat. The primer provides good adhesion and moisture resistance and is applied at 1.2 to 1.5 mils dry. The intermediate coat may be applied between 5 and 10 mils dry depending on the load behaviour required of the floor. The polyurethane topcoats offer excellent gloss retention, long-term colour retention and high wear resistance when applied at 1.9 to 2.4 mils dry film thicknesses. |
Summary |
The need to protect concrete surfaces from early deterioration has been an issue that has been debated for many years. With the rapid industrialization that is taking place in the country, pollution is likely to be one of the causes for shortening the life of concrete structures. Unless protected, the replacement cost of these structures can become phenomenal. Water-based PUDs, can be tailored to suit every single application. They can be made rigid and hard and they can be designed to be flexible and soft, and anything in between. PUDs are resistant to UV light and are known to retain gloss levels for long periods. They are compatible with many acrylic and other dispersed resins, and can be easily pigmented. PUDs are available as thermoplastic and thermoset resins and can be readily cross-linked with a variety of commercially available cross-linkers to further enhance their properties and in designing high-quality and durable coatings. |
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Kamthane Range of Aqueous
Polyurethanes
Product |
Features |
Recommended
Applications |
Type |
Viscosity
Range CPS |
Solids |
Cosolvent
%and
Type |
pH |
Freeze/
Thaw
Stability |
Elongation at Break |
Koning
Hardness |
Kamthane K-9431 |
Tough and flexible. Good water and abrasion resistant. |
Industrial coating, Wood lacquers, Concrete coatings, Multisurface paints, Metal coatings, Leather coatings. |
Aromatic |
100-250
cps |
31% |
12%
NMP |
7.0-8.5 |
Stable |
350% |
120 |
Kamthane K-9433 |
A general purpose dispersion with a good balance of water, chemical and abrasion resistance. |
Wood Finishes, Hygiene coatings, Multi-surface paints, Paper coatings, Print applications, Ink industry. |
Aromatic
Hybrid |
70-160
cps |
34% |
6.5%
NMP |
7.5-8.8 |
Stable |
200% |
100 |
Kamthane K-9473 |
Tough and flexible. Good chemical and abrasion resistant, Excellent water resistant. Good gloss. |
Industrial coating, Wood lacquers, Hygiene paints, Plastic coatings, Board and paper coatings, Metal coatings. |
Aromatic |
100-200
cps |
33% |
9%
NMP |
7.0-8.5 |
Stable |
270% |
110 |
Kamthane K-2800 |
Similar version like K-2833, but with superior solvent resistant and gloss. |
Parquet floorings, Industrial wood lacquers, Floor coatings, Plastic coatings. |
Aromatic
Hybrid |
80-180
cps |
33% |
6.9%
NMP
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8.0-8.8 |
Stable |
190% |
160 |
Kamthane K-2833 |
Very Hard yet flexible, Clear and glossy. Outstanding chemical and abrasion resistant. |
Excellent alkali, water and alcohol resistant, Scratch resistant. Parquet floorings, Industrial wood lacquers, Floor coatings, Plastic coatings, Paper
coatings. |
Aromatic
Hybrid |
80-180
cps |
33% |
6.9%
NMP |
8.0-8.8 |
Stable |
190% |
160 |
Kamthane K-1470 |
Hard and flexible, with good chip/abrasion resistance. |
Good
U.V. resistance. Floor and wall coatings, Joinery paints, Hygiene coatings. |
Aliphatic |
120-200
cps |
34% |
5%
NMP |
7.0-9.0 |
Stable |
300% |
120 |
Kamthane K-1492 |
High performance dispersion with superior hardness, water and chemical resistance. |
Excellent
U.V. resistance. Parquet floor lacquers, Floor and wall coatings, paper coatings, multi surface coatings. |
Aliphatic |
100-180
cps |
33% |
8%
NMP |
7.0-8.5 |
Stable |
200% |
160 |
Kamthane K-1432 |
Medium soft, solvent free disperison, Tough and flexible with high hydrolysis resistance. |
Leather coatings and flexible substrates, Good compatibility with acrylic latexes. |
Aliphatic |
40-120
cps |
39% |
None |
7.0-8.5 |
Not
stable |
550% |
30 |
Kamthane K-1435 |
Soft, solvent free dispersion designed for flexible substrates. |
For coating flexible substrates like leather etc. |
Aliphatic |
40-120
cps |
36% |
None |
7.0-8.5 |
Not
stable |
650% |
20 |
Kamthane K-1400 |
Self-crosslinking
offering unique performance on various surfaces.
Excellent chemical and physical properties. |
Wood Finishes, Parquet floorings, Hygiene coatings, Multi-surface coatings, Print application. |
Aliphatic |
100-200
cps |
31% |
12%
NMP |
7.0-8.5 |
Stable |
200% |
175 |
Kamthane K-2035 |
Very high hardness, chemical, solvent resistance and excellent imprint resistance. |
Needs coalescents for proper film formation. Industrial wood coatings, Inks and overprint lacquers, Paper coatings. |
Aliphatic
Hybrid |
100-200
cps |
35% |
2.5%
NMP |
7.8-8.8 |
Stable |
130% |
200 |
Kamthane K-2016 |
Very Hard polymer with excellent chemical and abrasion resistant. |
Wood Finishes, Hygiene coatings, Multi-surface paints, print application Paper coatings. |
Aliphatic
Hybrid |
60-160
cps |
34% |
5%
NMP |
7.8-8.8 |
Stable |
190% |
150 |
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